Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations supplies two different documentation systems. Writers in the humanities generally utilize a system that combines notes and a bibliography:
(N) Footnotes or Endnotes. The first line should be indented five spaces, with following lines in the entry flush with the left margin.
(B) Bibliography. The first line should begin flush with the left margin, with following lines indented five spaces.
Writers in the natural, physical, and social sciences commonly employ a system that links in-text author and date information with a reference list:
(IT) In-Text Author & Date Information. Parentheses should enclose in-text references. When page numbers are required, they should be separated by a comma.
(R) Reference List. The first line should begin flush with the left margin, with following lines in the entry indented five spaces.
The examples cited below illustrate common material formats in both systems. For additional examples or more information, please see Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996 – available at the Reference Desk or in the Reference Room (call number: ref. LB2369 .T8 1996) – or ask us for assistance.
Book by a Single Author
Humanities System (Notes & Bibliography)
N:
1. Peter F. Drucker, Managing in a Time of Great Change (New York:
Truman Talley Books/Dutton, 1995), 92.B:
Drucker, Peter F. Managing in a Time of Great Change. New York: Truman
Talley Books/Dutton, 1995.Sciences System (In-Text Information & Reference List)
IT:
(Drucker 1995, 92)R:
Drucker, Peter F. 1995. Managing in a time of great change. New York: Truman
Talley Books/Dutton.
Book by Two or Three Authors
Humanities System (Notes & Bibliography)
N:
17. Geoffrey E. Bock and David A. Marca, Designing Groupware: A
Guidebook for Designers, Implementors, and Users (New York: McGraw-Hill,
1995), 85.B:
Bock, Geoffrey E. and David A. Marca. Designing Groupware: A Guidebook
for Designers, Implementors, and Users. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.Sciences System (In-Text Information & Reference List)
IT:
(Bock and Marca 1995, 85)R:
Bock, Geoffrey E. and David A. Marca. 1995. Designing groupware: A guidebook
for designers, implementors, and users. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Book by More Than Three Authors
Humanities System (Notes & Bibliography)
N:
6. Chris R. Calladine and others, Understanding DNA: The Molecule
and How It Works, 3d ed. (Boston: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004), 203-208.B:
Calladine, Chris R., Horace R. Drew, Ben F. Luisi, and Andrew A. Travers.
Understanding DNA: The Molecule and How It Works. 3d ed. Boston:
Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.Sciences System (In-Text Information & Reference List)
IT:
(Calladine and others 2004, 203-208) or (Calladine et al. 2004, 203-208)R:
Calladine, Chris R., Horace R. Drew, Ben F. Luisi, and Andrew A. Travers.
2004. Understanding DNA: The molecule and how it works. 3d ed.
Boston: Elsevier Academic Press.
Chapter or Article in an Edited Collection
Humanities System (Notes & Bibliography)
N:
3. Thomas A. Kochan, “Restoring Voice at Work and in Society,”
in America at Work: Choices and Challenges, ed. Edward E. Lawler III
and James O’Toole (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 47-49.B:
Kochan, Thomas A. “Restoring Voice at Work and in Society.” In America
at Work: Choices and Challenges, ed. Edward E. Lawler III and
James O’Toole, 37-52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.Sciences System (In-Text Information & Reference List)
IT:
(Kochan 2006, 47-49)R:
Kochan, Thomas A. 2006. Restoring voice at work and in society. In America
at work: Choices and challenges, ed. Edward E. Lawler III and
James O’Toole, 37-52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination throughout a Volume
- In this example, "87" is the volume number, and "2484" is the page number.
Humanities System (Notes & Bibliography)
N:
12. Ailsa P. Kerswell, "Global Biodiversity Patterns of Benthic Marine Algae,"
Ecology 87 (2006): 2484.B:
Kerswell, Ailsa P. "Global Biodiversity Patterns of Benthic Marine Algae."
Ecology 87 (2006): 2479-2488.Sciences System (In-Text Information & Reference List)
IT:
(Kerswell 2006, 2484)R:
Kerswell, Ailsa P. 2006. Global biodiversity patterns of benthic marine algae.
Ecology 87: 2479-2488.
Article in a Journal with Pagination Restarted for Each Issue
In this example, "8" is the volume number, “3” is the issue number, and "64" is the page number.
Humanities System (Notes & Bibliography)
N:
5. Elizabeth Schultz, “Ahab at Pearl Harbor,” Leviathan: A Journal of
Melville Studies 8, no. 3 (2006): 64.B:
Schultz, Elizabeth. “Ahab at Pearl Harbor.” Leviathan: A Journal of Melville
Studies 8, no. 3 (2006): 63-64.Sciences System (In-Text Information & Reference List)
IT:
(Schultz 2006, 64)R:
Schultz, Elizabeth. 2006. Ahab at Pearl Harbor. Leviathan: A Journal of Melville
Studies 8, no. 3: 63-64.
Electronic Resources
There are no “official” Turabian guidelines for citing electronic resources. The best resource
currently available is Maurice Crouse’s Website, Citing Electronic Information in History Papers.For additional citation examples also see Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations, a PDF file,
from the University of California Berkeley Library.
Page author: John Burton-Crutchfield
