Printable Version (with fewer examples)
The examples below follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., 2010 (APA-M). Correct spacing, use of italics, and punctuation are essential. APA style requires double-spacing throughout the paper, including the Reference List page (APA-M, p. 229). The first lines of paragraphs should be indented 5 to 7 spaces. For additional examples, see APA-M, pp. 228-231. Sample pages of a completed paper appear on pages 41-59 of the APA-M.
See pages 92 and 170-174 of the APA-M for information about direct quotations. Author-date citations, placed within the text, replace footnotes or endnotes. Two examples:Martin (1984) urges roommates to settle differences...
In her list of rules for roommates (Martin, 1984)...If a citation you need is not illustrated here, please ask for the APA Publication Manual at either the Reference Desk or the Reserves Desk.
Examples (All page numbers refer to the APA-M)
APA style reference pages are double-spaced throughout and use “hanging indent” format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented.
Book by one author (p. 202-203)
Print Source: Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York: Basic Books.
Electronic Book Based on Print: Krames, J.A. (2002). The Rumsfeld way: The leadership wisdom of a battle-hardened veteran. doi: 10.1036/0071406417
Electronic Book Not Based on a Print Version, no DOI available: Dujac, P. (n.d.). Ananda. Retrieved from http://onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=82
Edited Book (Print): Davis, W. C. & Robertson, J. I., Jr. (Eds.). (2005). Virginia at war: 1861. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.Book by two to seven authors (for more than seven authors follow rule on p. 184)
Print: Skidmore, R. A., Thackeray, M. G., & Farley, O. W. (1997). Introduction to social work (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Chapter in an Edited Book (p. 202)
Print: Carlyle, T. (1995). The hero as king. In J. T. Wren (Ed.), The leader's companion (pp. 53-55). New York: Free Press.
Electronic (no DOI available, viewed through a subscription): Lowenthal, D. (2002). The disenchanted future. In R. D. Sack (Ed.), Progress: Geographical Essays (pp.61-77). Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/
Citation of a Work Discussed in a Secondary Source (p. 178)
Example of in-text citation: Glasser’s study (as cited in Ellis, 1999)…
Reference List entry to secondary source in print: Ellis, A. (1999). Rational emotive behavior therapy as an internal control psychology. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 19(1), 4-11.
When no author is given, regardless of the format, put the title in the author position.
Journal Article with Seven or Fewer Authors
Print (p. 198): Hall, D. T. (1990). Promoting work/family balance. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 5-18.
In this example, "18" is the volume number, “3” is the issue number, and "5-18" are the page numbers.Electronic with no DOI (p.199): Mates, B. F., & Strommen, L. (1995). Why Ernie can't read: 'Sesame Street' and literacy. The Reading Teacher, 49(4), 300-306. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/general/Publications/Journals/RT.aspx
Open-Access (free online) with no DOI (p.199): Tullos, A. (2004, June 8). The Carolina Piedmont. Southern Spaces. Retrieved from http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2004/tullos/5a.htm
Include the URL for open-access journals.Journal Article with Eight or More Authors
Electronic with DOI (pp. 198-199): Alejos, A., Weingartner, A. Scharff, D.P., Ablah, E., Frazier, L., Hawley, S.R.,…Wright, K.S. (2008). Ensuring the success of local public health workforce assessments: Using a participatory-based research approach with a rural population. Public Health, 122(12), 1447-1455. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.06.008Newspaper Article (p. 200)
Print: Blanton, K. (2007, August 24). Short sales of homes on rise. The Boston Globe, pp. A1, A6.
Electronic: Schwirtz, M. (2009, August 13). Russian navy joins search for freighter. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.comMagazine Article (p. 200)
Print: Dicum, G. (2007, September). Eyes in the sky and on your desktop. Sierra, 92(5), 58-62.
Electronic (No Author) accessed through a subscription: A wiser wiki. (2007, May). Utne Reader, (141), 10-11. Retrieved from http://www.utne.comEncyclopedia Article (pp. 204-205)
Print: Corey, G. (1994). Self-esteem. In Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 369-370). New York: Wiley.
Electronic accessed through a subscription: Kaczkowski, C. (2006). Acid-base balance. In Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health (2nd edition). Retrieved http://www.gale.cengage.comGovernment Document (p. 205-206)
Print: Molla, M.T., Madans, J.S., Wagener, D.K., & Crimmins, E.M. (1989). Summary measures of population health: Report of findings on methodologic and data issues (DHHS Publication No. PHS 2004-1258). Hyattsville, Md. : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
Electronic, agency as author: U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2009). Military training: DOD needs a strategic plan and better inventory and requirements data to guide development of language skills and regional proficiency : Report to Congressional committees. (GAO Publication No. GAO-09-568). Retrieved from U.S. Government Printing Office: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS114724
Interviews and Personal Communications (pp. 179, 214)
Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications such as telephone conversations, email messages, and personal interviews are not included in the Reference list. Cite personal communication in the text only. Give initials, surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible: (N. Schwartz, personal communication, April 1, 2001).APA-M does provide an example of how to cite an interview that is part of a large project, such as an oral history program, on p. 214.
Khazan, J. (1980, December 4). Oral history interview with Jibreel Khazan. Greensboro Voices. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro.
Miscellaneous online
Blog post (p. 215): Ninja. (2009 August 9). A dollar a day [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.punchdebtintheface.com
YouTube (p.215): Lustig, R.H. (2009, July 30). Sugar: The bitter truth [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBnniua6-oM
_____________________________________________________________________________
Revised 08/09 (ll,ah)
